Inkukhu ingumkhiqizo omkhulu kakhulu wokukhiqiza nokudla inyama emhlabeni. Cishe u-70% wenkukhu yomhlaba wonke uvela ezinkukhuni zenyama ezimhlophe. Inkukhu ingumkhiqizo wenyama wesibili ngobukhulu eShayina. Inkukhu eShayina ikakhulukazi ivela ezinkukhuni zenyama ezimhlophe kanye nezinkukhu zenyama eziphuzi. Umnikelo wezinkukhu ezimhlophe ekukhiqizweni kwezinkukhu eShayina ungaba ngu-45%, kanti owezinkukhu zenyama eziphuzi ungaba ngu-38%.

I-broiler enezimpaphe ezimhlophe yiyona enesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sokudla kwenyama, izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuzalanisa ngezinga elikhulu kanye nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuthembela ngaphandle. Izinhlobo ze-broiler ezinezimpaphe eziphuzi ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kweShayina zonke ziyizinhlobo ezizifuyile, futhi inani lezinhlobo ezikhuliswayo lilikhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemfuyo nezinkukhu, okuyisibonelo esiphumelelayo sokuguqula inzuzo yezinsiza zezinhlobo zasendaweni zibe yinzuzo yomkhiqizo.

1、 Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezinkukhu

Inkukhu yasekhaya yafuywa yi-Asian jungle pheasant eminyakeni engu-7000-10000 eyedlule, futhi umlando wayo wokufuywa ungalandelwa emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-1000 BC. Inkukhu yasekhaya ifana nenkukhu yokuqala ngesimo somzimba, umbala wezimpaphe, ingoma njalo njalo. Izifundo ze-Cytogenetic kanye ne-morphological ziye zafakazela ukuthi inkukhu yokuqala ingukhokho oqondile wenkukhu yasekhaya yanamuhla. Kunezinhlobo ezine zohlobo lweGallinula, ezibomvu (Gallus gallus, Umfanekiso 3), ikhola eluhlaza (Gallus various), umsila omnyama (Gallus lafayetii) kanye neGrey Striped (Gallus sonnerati). Kunemibono emibili ehlukene ngemvelaphi yenkukhu yasekhaya evela enkukhu yokuqala: inkolelo-mbono yemvelaphi eyodwa ithi inkukhu yokuqala ebomvu ingafuywa kanye noma ngaphezulu; Ngokusho kwenkolelo-mbono yemvelaphi eminingi, ngaphezu kwezinyoni zasehlathini ezibomvu, ezinye izinyoni zasehlathini nazo zingabokhokho bezinkukhu zasekhaya. Njengamanje, izifundo eziningi zisekela inkolelo-mbono yemvelaphi eyodwa, okungukuthi, inkukhu yasekhaya ivela kakhulu ezinkukhu zasehlathini ezibomvu.

 

（1） Inqubo yokuzalanisa ama-broiler angaphandle

Ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-1930, kwakukhethwa iqembu kanye nokutshalwa kwezilwane ngaphandle kohlu lozalo. Izinhlamvu eziyinhloko zokukhetha kwakuwukusebenza kokukhiqiza amaqanda, inkukhu yayiwumkhiqizo ongaphansi, kanti ukuzalanisa inkukhu kwakuyimodeli yezomnotho encane yasegcekeni. Ngokusungulwa kwebhokisi lamaqanda elizivala ngokwalo ngawo-1930, ukusebenza kokukhiqiza amaqanda kwakhethwa ngokwerekhodi lokukhiqiza amaqanda ngalinye; Ngawo-1930-50, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-hybrid yommbila njengereferensi, i-heterosis yangeniswa ekuzaleni inkukhu, okwathatha indawo yokuzalanisa ngokushesha, futhi kwaba yinto eyinhloko ekukhiqizeni inkukhu yezentengiselwano. Izindlela zokufanisa zokuhlanganisa ziye zathuthuka kancane kancane kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kokuqala kwe-binary kuya ekufanisweni kwe-ternary kanye ne-Quaternary. Ukusebenza kahle kokukhetha kwezinhlamvu ezilinganiselwe neziphansi zofuzo kwathuthukiswa ngemuva kokuthi kuqalwe ukuqoshwa kwezinhlobo zozalo ngawo-1940, futhi ukwehla kokuzalanisa okubangelwa izihlobo eziseduze kwakungagwenywa. Ngemuva kuka-1945, ukuhlolwa kwesampula okungahleliwe kwenziwa ezinye izikhungo zangaphandle noma iziteshi zokuhlola eYurophu naseMelika. Inhloso kwakuwukuhlola ngokungenaphutha izinhlobo ezihlanganyela ekuhlolweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zemvelo, futhi kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isabelo semakethe sezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Umsebenzi onjalo wokulinganisa ukusebenza waqedwa ngawo-1970. Ngawo-1960-1980, ukukhethwa okuyinhloko kwezimpawu ezilula ukuzilinganisa, njengokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda, izinga lokuchamisela, izinga lokukhula kanye nezinga lokuguqulwa kokudla, kwakwenziwa kakhulu ngenkukhu enamathambo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya. Ukunqunywa kwekheji elilodwa kwesilinganiso sokuguqulwa kokudla kusukela ngawo-1980 kudlale indima eqondile ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwe-broiler kanye nokuthuthukisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kokudla. Kusukela ngawo-1990, izici zokucubungula ziye zanakwa, njengesisindo se-net bore kanye nesisindo se-sternum esingenamathambo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlola izakhi zofuzo njengokubikezela okungcono kakhulu kwe-linear unbiased (BLUP) kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokuzala. Ngemva kokungena ekhulwini lama-21, ukuzala kwe-broiler kwaqala ukucabangela ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa ama-molecular be-broiler obumelelwa ukukhetha okubanzi kwe-genome (GS) buyashintsha kusukela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni.

(2) Inqubo yokuzalanisa i-Broiler eShayina

Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, izinkukhu zasendaweni eShayina bezihamba phambili emhlabeni ekubekeni amaqanda nasekukhiqizeni inyama. Isibonelo, ukwethulwa kwenkukhu yentaba i-wolf kanye nenkukhu ye-Jin ephuzi eyisishiyagalolunye evela eJiangsu naseShanghai eShayina, yabe isivela e-UK iya e-United States, ngemuva kokuzalanisa, kuye kwaqashelwa njengezinhlobo ezijwayelekile kuwo womabili amazwe. Inkukhu iLangshan ibhekwa njengohlobo olusetshenziswa kabili, kanti inkukhu ye-Jin ephuzi eyisishiyagalolunye ibhekwa njengohlobo lwenyama. Lezi zinhlobo zinethonya elibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nezinkukhu ezidumile emhlabeni, njengeBritish oppington kanye ne-Australian Black Australia zethule ubudlelwano begazi lenkukhu yentaba i-wolf eShayina. I-Rockcock, i-Luodao red kanye nezinye izinhlobo nazo zithatha inkukhu ye-Jin ephuzi eyisishiyagalolunye njengezinto zokuzalanisa. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya kuma-1930, amaqanda nenkukhu kuyimikhiqizo ebalulekile yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe eShayina. Kodwa esikhathini eside ngemva kwalokho, imboni yokufuya izinkukhu eShayina ihlala ezingeni elikhulu lokufuya, futhi izinga lokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu likude kakhulu nezinga elithuthukile emhlabeni. Maphakathi nawo-1960, izinhlobo ezintathu zendawo zenkukhu yaseHuiyang, inkukhu ye-Qingyuan hemp kanye nenkukhu yaseShiqi zakhethwa njengezinto eziyinhloko zokuthuthukisa eHong Kong. I-hybrid yenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-Han Xia entsha, i-bailoc, i-baikonish kanye ne-habad ukuzalanisa inkukhu ye-Shiqi hybrid, eyadlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-broilers yaseHong Kong. Kusukela ngawo-1970 kuya ku-1980, inkukhu ye-Shiqi hybrid yalethwa eGuangdong naseGuangxi, futhi yahlanganiswa nezinkukhu ezimhlophe eziphindaphindayo, yakha inkukhu ye-Shiqi hybrid eguquliwe futhi yasakazeka kabanzi ekukhiqizeni. Kusukela ngawo-1960 kuya ku-1980, sasebenzisa ukuzalanisa okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokukhetha umndeni ukuhlakulela inkukhu entsha yezintaba, inkukhu yase-Xinpu East kanye nenkukhu ye-xinyangzhou. Kusukela ngo-1983 kuya ku-2015, ama-broilers aphuzi asebenzisa indlela yokuzalela enyakatho naseningizimu, futhi asebenzisa ngokugcwele umehluko endaweni yesimo sezulu, ukudla, abasebenzi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa phakathi kwenyakatho neningizimu, futhi akhulisa izinkukhu zabazali ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zeHenan, Shanxi kanye neShaanxi. Amaqanda okuhweba athuthwa abuyiselwa eningizimu ukuze afukame futhi akhuliswe, okwathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwama-broilers aphuzi. Ukuzaliswa okuhlelekile kwama-broilers aphuzi aphuzi kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980. Ukwethulwa kwama-gene anenzuzo aphindaphindayo njengezakhi zofuzo eziphansi nezincane zokonga okusanhlamvu (i-DW gene) kanye ne-gene yama-feathers amhlophe aphindaphindayo kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekuzalweni kwama-broilers aphuzi aphuzi eShayina. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezinhlobo zama-broilers aphuzi eShayina zisebenzise lawa masu. Ngo-1986, inkampani yokuthuthukisa izinkukhu yaseGuangzhou Baiyun yethula inkukhu ehlanganisiwe emhlophe neShiqi ukuze ifuye ama-broilers aphuzi angu-882. Ngo-1999, iShenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. yazala umugqa wokuqala ohambisanayo wenkukhu yenkukhu ephuzi engu-128 (Umfanekiso 4) eyavunywa yisifundazwe. Ngemva kwalokho, ukutshalwa kohlobo olusha lwenkukhu yenkukhu ephuzi eShayina kwangena esikhathini sokuthuthuka okusheshayo. Ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuhlolwa nokuvunywa kwezinhlobo, i-Poultry Quality Supervision kanye ne-Inspection and Testing Center (Yangzhou) yoMnyango Wezolimo nezindawo zasemakhaya (Beijing) yasungulwa ngo-1998 nango-2003 ngokulandelana, futhi yayinesibopho sokulinganisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo wenkukhu kazwelonke.

 

2、 Ukuthuthukiswa kokuzalanisa izinkukhu ze-broiler zesimanje ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe

(1) Intuthuko yangaphandle

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, intuthuko yokuzalanisa izakhi zofuzo ibeke isisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu zanamuhla, yakhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda nezinkukhu, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu ezifuywayo sekuphenduke imboni ezimele yezinkukhu. Eminyakeni engama-80 edlule, amazwe aseNyakatho Melika kanye nawaseNtshonalanga Yurophu enze ukuzalanisa okuhlelekile kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze kukhule, kunikezwe ukudla kanye nokwakheka kwezidumbu zezinkukhu, kwakha izinhlobo zezinkukhu ezifuywayo ezimhlophe zanamuhla futhi kwathatha ngokushesha imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Uhlu lwabesilisa lwezinkukhu ezifuywayo ezimhlophe zanamuhla yinkukhu emhlophe yaseCornish, kanti uhla lwabesifazane yinkukhu emhlophe yasePlymouth Rock. I-heterosis ikhiqizwa ngokuzalanisa okuhlelekile. Njengamanje, kufaka phakathi iShayina, izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinkukhu ezifuywayo ezimhlophe emhlabeni yi-AA+, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa, ezivela ku-aviagen kanye ne-Cobb vantress ngokulandelana. Inkukhu ezifuywayo ezimhlophe zinesimiso sokuzalanisa esivuthiwe nesiphelele, sakha isakhiwo sephiramidi esakhiwe yiqembu eliyinhloko lokuzalanisa, ogogo nomkhulu, ogogo nomkhulu, abazali kanye nezinkukhu zezentengiselwano. Kuthatha iminyaka engu-4-5 ukuthi intuthuko yezakhi zofuzo zeqembu eliyinhloko idluliselwe ezinkukhuni zezentengiselwano (Isithombe 5). Inkukhu eyodwa yeqembu eliyinhloko ingakhiqiza ama-broiler ezentengiselwano angaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu kanye namathani enkukhu angaphezu kuka-5000. Njengamanje, umhlaba ukhiqiza cishe amasethi ayizigidi ezingu-11.6 ezinhlobo ze-broiler ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe, amasethi ayizigidi ezingu-600 ezinhlobo ze-broiler kanye nezinkukhu zezentengiselwano ezingamabhiliyoni angu-80 minyaka yonke.

 

3, Izinkinga kanye nezikhala

（1） Ukuzaliswa kwenkukhu ze-broiler ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga elithuthukile lamazwe ngamazwe lokuzalela inkukhu ezimhlophe ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe, isikhathi sokuzalela inkukhu ezimhlophe ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe eShayina sifushane, isisekelo sokuqongelela kwezinto zofuzo ezikhiqiza kahle kakhulu sibuthakathaka, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengokuzalanisa ama-molecule akwanele, futhi kukhona igebe elikhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza izifo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuthola. Imininingwane imi kanje: 1. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zinezinhlobo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezikhula ngokushesha kanye nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokukhiqizwa kwenyama, futhi ngokuhlanganiswa kanye nokuhlela kabusha izinkampani zokuzalela ezifana nenkukhu nezindwangu, izinto kanye nezakhi zofuzo ziyacetshiswa, okunikeza isiqinisekiso sokuzalela izinhlobo ezintsha; Izinsiza zokuzalela zenkukhu ezimhlophe ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe eShayina zinesisekelo esibuthakathaka kanye nezinto ezimbalwa ezinhle kakhulu zokuzalela.

2. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkampani zomhlaba wonke ezinolwazi olungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100 lokuzalanisa, ukuzalisa izinkukhu zenkukhu ezimhlophe eShayina kwaqala sekwephuzile, futhi kukhona igebe elikhulu phakathi kocwaningo nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa obulinganiselayo phakathi kokukhula nokuzalanisa kanye nezinga elithuthukile lamazwe ngamazwe. Izinga lokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengokuzalanisa i-genome aliphezulu; Ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obunembile obusebenzisa i-phenotype ephezulu, ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo kanye nezinga lokusetshenziswa kokudlulisela liphansi.

3. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza izifo ezivela ezilwaneni. Izinkampani ezinkulu zokufuya izinkukhu zamazwe ngamazwe zithathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuhlanza izifo ezidluliselwa ngqo ze-avian leukemia, i-pullorum kanye nezinye izinhlobo, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo. Ukuhlanzwa kwe-avian leukemia kanye ne-pullorum kuyibhodi elifushane elivimbela intuthuko yemboni yenkukhu yokufuya yaseShayina, futhi amakhithi okuhlonza ancike kakhulu ekungenisweni kwempahla.

（2） Ukuzaliswa kwenkukhu yezimpaphe eziphuzi

Ukuzalela nokukhiqizwa kwenkukhu yenkukhu ephuzi enezimpaphe eShayina kusezingeni eliphambili emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, inani lamabhizinisi okuzalela likhulu, isilinganiso asilingani, amandla obuchwepheshe aphelele abuthakathaka, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuzalela akwanele, futhi izindawo zokuzalela nemishini zisemuva kakhulu; Kunezinga elithile lokuzalanisa okuphindaphindiwe, futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko ezinezici ezisobala, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kanye nesabelo esikhulu semakethe; Isikhathi eside, umgomo wokuzalela ukuzivumelanisa nobudlelwano bokuthengiswa kwezinkukhu eziphilayo, njengombala wezimpaphe, ukuma komzimba kanye nokubukeka, okungenakuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe sokuhlatshwa okuphakathi kanye nemikhiqizo ebandayo ngaphansi kwesimo esisha.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkukhu zasendaweni eShayina, ezakha izici eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zofuzo ngaphansi kwezimo zesikhathi eside neziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo kanye nezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside, kunokuntuleka kocwaningo olujulile ngezici zezinsizakusebenza ze-germplasm, uphenyo nokuhlolwa kwezinsizakusebenza zezinhlobonhlobo akwanele, kanti ukuhlaziywa nokuhlolwa akwanele ukwesekwa kolwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokuqapha olunamandla lwezinsizakusebenza zezinhlobonhlobo akwanele, futhi ukuhlolwa kwezici zezinsizakusebenza ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo okunamandla, isivuno esiphezulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yezinsizakusebenza zezakhi zofuzo akwanele futhi kuhlelekile, okuholela ekushodeni okukhulu kokumba kanye nokusebenzisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zezinhlobo zendawo, kuvimbela inqubo yokuvikela, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza zezakhi zofuzo zasendaweni, futhi kuthinta izinga lokukhiqizwa kwemboni yezinkukhu eShayina Ukuncintisana kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo yezinkukhu kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo yemboni yezinkukhu.