Inkukhu iwumkhiqizo omkhulu wokukhiqiza inyama nokudliwayo emhlabeni. Cishe amaphesenti angama-70 enkukhu yomhlaba wonke aphuma kuma-broilers anezimpaphe ezimhlophe. Inkukhu iwumkhiqizo wesibili omkhulu wenyama eShayina. Inkukhu yaseShayina iphuma ikakhulukazi kuma-broiler anezimpaphe ezimhlophe kanye nama-broiler anezimpaphe eziphuzi. Umnikelo wama-broilers anezimpaphe ezimhlophe ekukhiqizeni inkukhu eShayina ucishe ube ngu-45%, kanti owenyama yenkukhu enezimpaphe eziphuzi cishe u-38%.

Inyama yenkukhu enezimpaphe ezimhlophe iyona enezinga eliphansi lokudla nenyama, izinga eliphezulu lokuzalanisa ngezinga elikhulu kanye nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuncika ngaphandle. Izinhlobo zenyama yenkukhu enezimpaphe eziphuzi ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kweShayina zonke ziyizinhlobo ezifuywayo, futhi inani lezinhlobo ezilinywayo likhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemfuyo nezinkukhu, okuyisibonelo esiyimpumelelo sokuguqula inzuzo yensiza yezinhlobo zasendaweni ibe inzuzo yomkhiqizo.

1. Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwezinkukhu zezinkukhu

Inkukhu yasekhaya yafuywa i-Asian jungle pheasant eminyakeni engu-7000-10000 edlule, futhi umlando wayo wokufuywa ungalandelelwa emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-1000 BC. Inkukhu yasekhaya ifana nenkukhu yokuqala ngesimo somzimba, umbala wezinsiba, ingoma nokunye. Izifundo ze-Cytogenetic kanye ne-morphological ziye zafakazela ukuthi inkukhu yokuqala ingukhokho oqondile wezinkukhu zasekhaya zanamuhla. Kunezinhlobo ezine zohlobo lwe-Gallinula, ezibomvu (Gallus gallus, Fig. 3), ikhola eluhlaza (Gallus ehlukahlukene), enomsila omnyama (Gallus lafayetii) kanye neGrey Striped (Gallus sonnerati). Kunemibono emibili ehlukene ngemvelaphi yenkukhu yasekhaya kusukela enkukhuni yokuqala: inkolelo-mbono eyodwa ithi inkukhu yokuqala Ebomvu ingase ifuywe kanye noma ngaphezulu; Ngokombono wemvelaphi eminingi, ngaphezu kwe-red jungle fowl, ezinye i-Jungle Fowls nazo zingamadlozi ezinkukhu zasekhaya. Njengamanje, ucwaningo oluningi lusekela inkolelo-mbono yemvelaphi eyodwa, okungukuthi, inkukhu yasekhaya ngokuyinhloko yavela ku-red jungle fowl.

 

(1) Inqubo yokuzalanisa ama-broiler angaphandle

Ngaphambi kwawo-1930, ukukhethwa kweqembu kanye nokutshalwa kwamahhala kozalo kwenziwa. Abalingiswa abakhulu abakhethiwe bekungukukhiqiza kwamaqanda, inkukhu ibikhiqizwa ngomkhiqizo, kanti ukuzalaniswa kwenkukhu kwakuyimodeli yezomnotho yasegcekeni elincane. Ngokusungulwa kwebhokisi lamaqanda elizivalayo ngeminyaka yawo-1930, ukusebenza kokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda kwakhethwa ngokwerekhodi lokukhiqiza amaqanda ngalinye; Ngawo-1930s-50, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-corn hybrid ephindwe kabili njengereferensi, i-heterosis yethulwa ekuzaleni izinkukhu, okwashintsha ngokushesha ukuzalaniswa kwe-pure line, futhi kwaba inkomba yokukhiqiza izinkukhu ezithengiswayo. Izindlela ezihambisanayo zokuhlanganisa ziye zathuthuka kancane kancane kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kokuqala kanambambili kuya ekufanisweni kwe-ternary ne-Quaternary. Ukusebenza kahle kokukhethwa kwezinhlamvu ezilinganiselwe neziphansi zofuzo kwathuthukiswa ngemva kokuba kuqalwe ukuqoshwa kozalo ngo-1940, futhi ukwehla kokuzalanisa okubangelwa izihlobo eziseduze kwakungagwenywa. Ngemuva kuka-1945, ukuhlolwa kwesampula okungahleliwe kwenziwa ezinye izikhungo ezivela eceleni noma iziteshi zokuhlola eYurophu naseMelika. Inhloso bekuwukuhlola ngobuqotho izinhlobo ezibamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zemvelo, futhi kwadlala indima ebonakalayo ekwenzeni ngcono isabelo semakethe sezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Umsebenzi onjalo wokulinganisa ukusebenza wanqanyulwa ngawo-1970. Ngeminyaka yawo-1960-1980, ukukhethwa okuyinhloko kwezici ezilula ukukala, njengokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda, izinga lokuchanyuselwa, izinga lokukhula kanye nezinga lokuguqulwa kokuphakelayo, ikakhulukazi kwenziwa ngethambo lenkukhu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya. Ukunqunywa kwekheji elilodwa lezinga lokuguqulwa kokuphakelayo kusukela ngo-1980s kudlale indima eqondile ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kokuphakelwa kwezinkukhu kanye nokuthuthukisa izinga lokusebenzisa lokuphakelayo. Kusukela ngawo-1990s, izici zokucubungula bezinakwa, njengesisindo se-net bore nesisindo se-sternum engenamathambo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlola izakhi zofuzo njengokubikezela okuhle kakhulu okungachemile (BLUP) kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokuzalanisa. Ngemva kokungena ekhulwini lama-21, ukuzalaniswa kwezinkukhu kwaqala ukucabangela izinga lemikhiqizo nenhlalakahle yezilwane. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa kwamangqamuzana enyamazane obumelwe i-genome wide selection (GS) buyashintsha kusukela ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni.

(2) Inqubo yokuzalanisa i-Broiler e-China

Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, izinkukhu zendawo eShayina zazihamba phambili emhlabeni wonke ekuzaleleni amaqanda nasekukhiqizeni inyama. Isibonelo, ukwethulwa kwenkukhu ye-wolf mountain kanye nenkukhu eyisishiyagalolunye ye-Jin yellow esuka e-Jiangsu nase-Shanghai e-China, bese isuka e-UK iya e-United States, ngemva kokuzalanisa, iye yaqashelwa njengezinhlobo ezijwayelekile kuwo womabili la mazwe. Inkukhu yeLangshan ithathwa njengenhlobonhlobo esetshenziswa kabili, kanti inkukhu eyisishiyagalolunye iJin yellow ithathwa njengenhlobonhlobo yenyama. Lezi zinhlobo zinethonya elibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezithile zemfuyo nezinkukhu ezidumile emhlabeni wonke, njenge-oppington yaseBrithani kanye ne-Australian Black Australia yethule ubudlelwano begazi benkukhu yezimpisi e-China. I-Rockcock, i-Luodao ebomvu nezinye izinhlobo nazo zithatha inkukhu eyi-Jin yellow eyisishiyagalolunye njengempahla yokuzalanisa. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ku-1930s, amaqanda nenkukhu yimikhiqizo ebalulekile yokuthumela ngaphandle eShayina. Kodwa esikhathini eside ngemva kwalokho, imboni yokufuya izinkukhu eShayina ihlala ezingeni elibanzi lokukhulisa, futhi izinga lokukhiqiza inkukhu likude nezinga eliphezulu emhlabeni. Maphakathi nawo-1960, izinhlobo ezintathu zasendaweni zenkukhu ye-Huiyang, inkukhu ye-Qingyuan hemp kanye nenkukhu ye-Shiqi zakhethwa njengezinto eziyinhloko zokuthuthukisa e-Hong Kong. Le hybrid yenziwa kusetshenziswa i-Han Xia entsha, i-bailoc, i-baikonish kanye ne-habad ukuzalanisa inkukhu eyingxube ye-Shiqi, eyadlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinkukhu zaseHong Kong. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970s kuya ko-1980s, inkukhu eyi-Shiqi hybrid yethulwa e-Guangdong nase-Guangxi, futhi yahlanganiswa nezinkukhu ezimhlophe eziphindaphindekayo, zakha inkukhu ehlanganisiwe ye-Shiqi futhi yasakazwa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni. Kusukela ngawo-1960 kuya ko-1980, sasebenzisa ukuzalanisa okuxubile kanye nokukhetha komndeni ukutshala inkukhu entsha ye-wolf mountain, inkukhu yase-Xinpu East kanye nenkukhu yase-xinyangzhou. Kusukela ngo-1983 kuya ku-2015, ama-broilers anezimpaphe eziphuzi amukela indlela yokuzalanisa enyakatho naseningizimu, futhi asebenzisa ngokugcwele umehluko wesimo sezulu, ukondla, amandla okusebenza kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa phakathi kwenyakatho neningizimu, futhi akhulisa izinkukhu zabazali ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeHenan, Shanxi naseShaanxi. Amaqanda athengiswayo ayiswa eningizimu ukuze afukamele futhi akhuliswe, okwathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu eziphuzi. Ukuzalaniswa okuhlelekile kwe-yellow feather broiler kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980. Ukwethulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezinenzuzo ngokwedlulele ezifana nezakhi zofuzo zokonga okusanhlamvu eziphansi nezincane (ufuzo lwe-DW) kanye nofuzo olunezimpaphe ezimhlophe eziphindaphindekayo kudlale indima ebalulekile ekuzaleni kwezinkukhu ezinkukhu ezinosiba eziphuzi e-China. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yohlobo lwe-Yellow Feather Broiler e-China isebenzise lezi zindlela. Ngo-1986, inkampani yokuthuthukisa izinkukhu i-Guangzhou Baiyun yethula inkukhu emhlophe eyeqile kanye ne-Shiqi hybrid ukuze ikhulise izinkukhu ezingu-882 ​​eziphuzi. Ngo-1999, i-Shenzhen kangdal (Iqembu) Co., Ltd. yazalanisa umugqa wokuqala ofanayo we-broiler enophaphe oluphuzi 128 (Umfanekiso 4) ogunyazwe nguhulumeni. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukutshalwa kohlobo olusha lwe-Yellow Feather Broiler e-China kwangena esikhathini sokuthuthuka okusheshayo. Ukuze kudidiyelwe ukuhlolwa okunhlobonhlobo nokugunyazwa, Isikhungo Sokuqondisa kanye Nokuhlola Ikhwalithi Yezinkukhu (Yangzhou) yoMnyango Wezolimo nezindawo zasemakhaya (Beijing) sasungulwa ngo-1998 nango-2003 ngokulandelana, futhi sasinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulinganisa ukusebenza kokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu kuzwelonke.

 

2. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuzalaniswa kwezinkukhu zesimanje ekhaya naphesheya

(1) Ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye amazwe

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950s, inqubekelaphambili yokuzalanisa izakhi zofuzo iye yabeka isisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu zesimanje, yakhuthaza ukukhethekile kokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda nezinkukhu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu sekuphenduke imboni ezimele yenkukhu. Eminyakeni engama-80 edlule, amazwe aseNyakatho Melika kanye namazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu enze ukuzalanisa okuhlelekile kofuzo ngesilinganiso sokukhula, umvuzo wokuphakelayo kanye nokwakheka kwesidumbu sezinkukhu, akha izinhlobo zanamuhla zama-broiler ezimhlophe futhi athatha ngokushesha imakethe yomhlaba. Ulayini wesilisa wenkukhu yesimanje enezimpaphe ezimhlophe yinkukhu emhlophe ye-Cornish, kanti ulayini wesifazane yinkukhu emhlophe ye-Plymouth Rock. I-heterosis ikhiqizwa ngokukhwelana okuhlelekile. Njengamanje, kuhlanganisa ne-China, izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinkukhu ezimhlophe emhlabeni wonke yi-AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa, ezivela ku-aviagen kanye ne-Cobb vantress ngokulandelana. I-broiler enezimpaphe ezimhlophe inesimiso sokuzala esivuthiwe nesiphelele, esakha isakhiwo sephiramidi esakhiwe yiqembu eliwumgogodla wokuzalanisa, ogogo nomkhulu, ogogo nomkhulu, abazali nezinkukhu ezihwebayo. Kuthatha iminyaka engu-4-5 ukuthi inqubekelaphambili yofuzo yeqembu eliyinhloko idluliselwe ezinkukhu ezithengiswayo (Fig. 5). Isikhukhukazi esisodwa esingakhiqiza inyama yenkukhu engaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu kanye namathani angaphezu kuka-5000 enkukhu. Njengamanje, umhlaba ukhiqiza cishe amasethi ayizigidi eziyi-11.6 zama-broiler grandparent grandparent, izigidi ezingama-600 zamasethi abazali kanye nezinkukhu ezithengiswayo eziyizigidigidi ezingama-80 minyaka yonke.

 

3. Izinkinga namagebe

(1) Ukuzalaniswa kwezinkukhu ezimpaphe ezimhlophe

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga elithuthukisiwe lamazwe ngamazwe lokuzalanisa izinkukhu ezimhlophe ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe, isikhathi esizimele sokuzalanisa izinyamazane ezimhlophe saseShayina sifushane, isisekelo sokuqoqwa kofuzo olusebenza kahle kakhulu sibuthakathaka, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengokuzalanisa kwamangqamuzana akwanele, futhi kukhona igebe elikhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza izifo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuthola. Imininingwane imi kanje: 1. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zinochungechunge lwezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ezikhula ngokushesha kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokukhiqizwa kwenyama, futhi ngokuhlanganiswa nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezinkampani ezizalanisayo ezifana nezinkukhu nama-layers, izinto zokwakha kanye nofuzo kuyathuthukiswa, okunikeza isiqinisekiso sokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha; Izinsiza zokuzalanisa i-broiler enezimpaphe ezimhlophe e-China zinesisekelo esibuthakathaka kanye nezinto ezimbalwa zokuzalanisa ezihamba phambili.

2. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezineminyaka engaphezu kweyi-100 yesipiliyoni sokuzalanisa, ukuzalaniswa kwezinkukhu ezimhlophe ezinezimpaphe eShayina kwaqala sekwephuzile, futhi kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kocwaningo nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa obulinganiselayo phakathi kokukhula nokuzala kanye nezinga elithuthukile lamazwe ngamazwe. Izinga lokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengokuzalanisa i-genome aliphezulu; Ukushoda kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obunembile be-phenotype obusezingeni eliphezulu, ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo kanye nedigri yesicelo sokudlulisela kuphansi.

3. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanzwa kwezifo ze-provenance. Izinkampani ezinkulu ezifuya izinkukhu zamazwe ngamazwe zithathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuzihlanza izifo zokudluliselwa okuqondile kwe-avian leukemia, i-pullorum nezinye izinto ezitholakalayo, okwenza ngcono kakhulu ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo. Ukuhlanzwa kwe-avian leukemia kanye ne-pullorum ibhodi elifushane elivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yenkukhu yaseShayina, futhi izinsiza zokuthola zincike kakhulu ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe.

(2) Ukuzalanisa izinkukhu ezimpaphe eziphuzi

Ukuzalaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwenyama yenkukhu enezimpaphe eziphuzi eShayina kusezingeni elihamba phambili emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, isibalo samabhizinisi okuzalanisa sikhulu, isikali asilingani, amandla ezobuchwepheshe jikelele abuthakathaka, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa obuthuthukisiwe akwanele, futhi izindawo zokuzalanisa nemishini zisemuva ngokuqhathaniswa; Kunezinga elithile lokuphindaphinda ukuzalanisa, futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezinezici ezisobala, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kanye nesabelo semakethe esikhulu; Isikhathi eside, umgomo wokuzalanisa ukuzivumelanisa nokuhlobana kokuthengiswa kwezinkukhu eziphilayo, njengombala wezinsiba, ukuma komzimba nokubukeka, okungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe sokuhlatshwa okumaphakathi kanye nemikhiqizo ebandayo ngaphansi kwesimo esisha.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkukhu zendawo eShayina, eziye zakha izici eziningi zofuzo ezinhle kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo zesikhathi eside neziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo kanye nenhlalo-mnotho. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside, kukhona ukuntuleka kocwaningo olujulile mayelana nezici zemithombo ye-germplasm, uphenyo nokuhlolwa kwezinsiza ezihlukahlukene akwanele, futhi ukuhlaziya nokuhlola ukuntuleka kolwazi olwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yokuqapha eguquguqukayo yezinsiza ezihlukahlukene akwanele, futhi ukuhlolwa kwezimpawu zensiza ngokuguquguquka okuqinile, isivuno esiphezulu kanye nezinga eliphezulu kumithombo yofuzo akuphelele futhi kuhlelekile, okuholela ekushodeleni okukhulu kwezimayini nokusebenzisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zezinhlobonhlobo zendawo, kuvimbela inqubo yokuvikela, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinga lokukhiqiza izakhi zofuzo zasendaweni e-China, futhi kuthinte izinga lokukhiqizwa kofuzo lwasekhaya e-China. imikhiqizo yezinkukhu kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwemboni yezinkukhu.