Kuhlolwa njalo amasu ahlukahlukene okudla okunempilo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yenyama yama-broiler. I-Betaine inezakhiwo ezikhethekile zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yenyama njengoba idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-osmotic, i-metabolism yezakhamzimba kanye namandla e-antioxidant ama-broiler. Kodwa kufanele inikezwe ngaluphi uhlobo ukuze kusetshenziswe zonke izinzuzo zayo?

Ocwaningweni lwakamuva olushicilelwe kuyi-Poultry Science, abacwaningi bazame ukuphendula lo mbuzo ongenhla ngokuqhathanisa ukusebenza kokukhula kwenkukhu kanye nekhwalithi yenyama nezinhlobo ezimbili ze-i-betaine: i-betaine engenamanzi kanye ne-hydrochloride betaine.

I-Betaine itholakala kakhulu njengesengezo sokudla ngendlela ehlanzwe ngamakhemikhali. Izinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu ze-betaine yezinga lokuphakelwa yi-anhydrous betaine kanye ne-hydrochloride betaine. Njengoba kudliwa inyama yenkukhu ngokwanda, izindlela zokulima ezijulile ziye zafakwa ekukhiqizweni kwenkukhu ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhiqizwa okunamandla kungaba nemiphumela emibi ezinkukhu, njengenhlalakahle embi kanye nekhwalithi yenyama ephansi.

Enye indlela ephumelelayo yokulwa namagciwane ezinkukhu

Ukuphikisana okuhambisanayo ukuthi ukuthuthukisa amazinga okuphila kusho ukuthi abathengi balindele ukunambitha okungcono kanye nemikhiqizo yenyama esezingeni eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke, kuye kwazanywa amasu ahlukahlukene okudla okunempilo ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yenyama yama-broiler lapho i-betaine ithole ukunakwa okukhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo yokudla okunempilo kanye nokusebenza komzimba.

I-Anhydrous vs. i-hydrochloride

Imithombo evamile ye-betaine ama-sugar beet kanye nemikhiqizo yawo, njenge-molasses. Noma kunjalo, i-betaine iyatholakala futhi njengesengezo sokudla esinezinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu ze-feed-grade.i-betainei-betaine engenamanzi kanye ne-hydrochloride betaine.

Ngokuvamile, i-betaine, njengomnikeli we-methyl, idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-osmotic, i-metabolism yezakhamzimba kanye namandla okulwa ne-antioxidant enkukhu. Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukene zama-molecule, i-betaine engenamanzi ikhombisa ukuncibilika okukhulu emanzini uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydrochloride betaine, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa amandla ayo e-osmotic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hydrochloride betaine ibangela ukwehla kwe-pH esiswini, ngaleyo ndlela ingase ithinte ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba ngendlela ehlukile kune-betaine engenamanzi.

Ukudla

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuphenya umphumela wezinhlobo ezimbili ze-betaine (i-betaine engenamanzi kanye ne-hydrochloride betaine) ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhula, ikhwalithi yenyama kanye namandla okulwa ne-antioxidant ezinkukhu zenyama yenkukhu. Amachwane enkukhu yenkukhu yesilisa angu-400 asanda kuqanduselwa ahlukaniswe ngokungahleliwe abe amaqembu ama-5 futhi ondliwe ukudla oku-5 ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokudla kwezinsuku ezingama-52.

Imithombo emibili ye-betaine yaklanywa ukuze ibe nokulingana. Ukudla kwakungokulandelayo.
Ukulawula: Izinyoni zenkukhu eqenjini lokulawula zondliwa ukudla okuyisisekelo kokudla kommbila nobhontshisi wesoya
Ukudla kwe-betaine engenamanzi: Ukudla okuyisisekelo okunezelwa amazinga amabili okuhlushwa angu-500 no-1,000 mg/kg we-betaine engenamanzi
Ukudla kwe-Hydrochloride betaine: Ukudla okuyisisekelo okunezelwa amazinga amabili okuhlushwa angu-642.23 kanye no-1284.46 mg/kg we-hydrochloride betaine.

Ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nesivuno senyama

Kulolu cwaningo, ukudla okune-dose ephezulu ye-anhydrous betaine kuthuthukise kakhulu ukukhuluphala, ukudla okudliwayo, kunciphisa i-FCR futhi kwandise isivuno semisipha yebele neyethanga uma kuqhathaniswa namaqembu e-control kanye ne-hydrochloride betaine. Ukwanda kokusebenza kokukhula kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kokufakwa kwamaprotheni okubonwe emisipheni yebele: I-anhydrous betaine eningi kakhulu ikhuphuke kakhulu (ngo-4.7%) okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni aluhlaza emisipheni yebele kuyilapho i-hydrochloride betaine eningi kakhulu ikhuphuke ngenani okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni aluhlaza emisipheni yebele (ngo-3.9%).

Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi lo mphumela ungase ube ngoba i-betaine ingahlanganyela emjikelezweni we-methionine ukuze isindise i-methionine ngokusebenza njengomnikeli we-methyl, ngakho-ke i-methionine eningi ingasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni emisipha. Lokhu kwanikezwa indima efanayo ye-betaine ekulawuleni ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ze-myogenic kanye nendlela yokubonisana efana ne-insulin-like growth factor-1 ekhuthaza ukwanda kokufakwa kwamaprotheni emisipha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqokonyiswa ukuthi i-betaine engenamanzi inambitheka kamnandi, kuyilapho i-hydrochloride betaine inambitheka kamunyu, okungase kuthinte ukumuncwa kokudla kanye nokudla kwezinkukhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokugaya nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba incike ku-epithelium yamathumbu engashintshi, ngakho-ke amandla e-osmotic e-betaine angathinta kahle ukugaywa. I-betaine engenamanzi ibonisa amandla e-osmotic angcono kune-hydrochloride betaine ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, izinkukhu eziphakelwa i-betaine engenamanzi zingase zibe nokugaywa okungcono kunalezo eziphakelwa i-hydrochloride betaine.

I-glycolysis ye-anaerobic yemisipha ngemuva kokufa kanye nomthamo we-antioxidant kuyizinkomba ezimbili ezibalulekile zekhwalithi yenyama. Ngemva kokuphuma kwegazi, ukuqedwa kokuhlinzekwa komoya-mpilo kushintsha indlela umzimba osebenza ngayo imisipha. Ngemuva kwalokho i-glycolysis ye-anaerobic iyenzeka ngokungenakugwenywa futhi iqhube ukuqongelela kwe-lactic acid.

Kulolu cwaningo, ukudla okune-betaine eningi engenamanzi kunciphisa kakhulu okuqukethwe yi-lactate emisipheni yebele. Ukuqongelela kwe-lactic acid kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokwehla kwe-pH yemisipha ngemva kokuhlatshwa. I-pH ephezulu yemisipha yebele ene-betaine eningi engeziwe kulolu cwaningo iphakamise ukuthi i-betaine ingathinta i-glycolysis yemisipha ngemva kokufa ukuze kuncishiswe ukuqongelela kwe-lactate kanye nokuguquka kwamaprotheni, okunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-drip.

Ukushiswa kwenyama, ikakhulukazi ukushiswa kwe-lipid, kuyimbangela ebalulekile yokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yenyama okunciphisa inani lokudla okunempilo ngenkathi kubangela izinkinga zokuthungwa. Kulolu cwaningo ukudla okune-betaine eningi kunciphisa kakhulu okuqukethwe yi-MDA emisipheni yebele neyethanga, okubonisa ukuthi i-betaine inganciphisa umonakalo we-oxidative.

Ukuvezwa kwe-mRNA kwezakhi zofuzo ezilwa ne-antioxidant (i-Nrf2 ne-HO-1) kwanda kakhulu eqenjini le-betaine elingenamanzi kunokudla kwe-hydrochloride betaine, okuhambisana nokuthuthuka okukhulu kwamandla e-antioxidant emisipha.

Isilinganiso esinconyiwe

Kusukela kulolu cwaningo, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi i-anhydrous betaine ibonisa imiphumela engcono kune-hydrochloride betaine ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemisipha yebele ezinkukhu ze-broiler. I-anhydrous betaine (1,000 mg/kg) noma i-equimolar hydrochloride betaine supplement ingathuthukisa nekhwalithi yenyama ye-broilers ngokunciphisa okuqukethwe yi-lactate ukuze kwandiswe i-pH yemisipha, kuthonye ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi enyama ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kokuconsa, kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla e-antioxidant emisipha. Uma kucatshangelwa kokubili ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nekhwalithi yenyama, i-anhydrous betaine engu-1,000 mg/kg yanconywa kuma-broilers.