I-Betaine iyinhlanganisela eyenzeka ngokwemvelo esatshalaliswa kabanzi ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Njengesengezo sokuphakelayo, inikezwa ngefomu le-anhydrous noma le-hydrochloride. Ingengezwa ekudleni kwezilwane ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene.
Okokuqala, lezi zinhloso zingase zihlotshaniswe nekhono eliphumelelayo kakhulu le-methyl donor ye-betaine, eyenzeka ngokuyinhloko esibindi.Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqembu e-methyl angazinzile, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine ne-creatine kukhuthazwa.
Okwesibili, inhloso yokwengeza i-betaine ekudleni ingase ihlotshaniswe nomsebenzi wayo njenge-penetrant evikelayo ephilayo.Kulo msebenzi, i-betaine isiza amangqamuzana kuwo wonke umzimba ukuthi alondoloze ibhalansi yamanzi kanye nomsebenzi wamaseli, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka.Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu umphumela omuhle we-betaine ezilwaneni ezingaphansi kokucindezeleka kokushisa.
Ezingulubeni, kuye kwachazwa imiphumela ehlukahlukene enenzuzo ye-betaine supplementation.Le ndatshana izogxila endimeni ye-betaine njengesithasiselo sokuphakelayo empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe.
Ucwaningo oluningana lwe-betaine luye lwabika umphumela ekugayweni kwezakhi ku-ileum noma ingqikithi yokugaya izingulube. Ukubhekwa okuphindaphindiwe kokwanda kwe-ileal digestibility ye-fiber (i-fiber engcolile noma i-fiber engathathi hlangothi kanye ne-acid detergent) kubonisa ukuthi i-betaine ivuselela ukuvutshelwa kwamabhaktheriya asevele ekhona emathunjini amancane, ngoba ayikhiqizi ingxenye yesitshalo se-fiber. izakhi, ezingakhululwa ngesikhathi sokuwohloka kwalesi fibre microbial.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwento eyomile kanye nokugayeka kokudla komlotha ongahluziwe nakho kwaqashelwa. Ezingeni eliphelele lomzila wokugaya ukudla, kuye kwabikwa ukuthi amazinyane engulube engezwe ngo-800 mg we-betaine/kg yokudla athuthuke amaprotheni angcolile (+6.4%) kanye nokugaywa kwento eyomile (+4.2%). amaprotheni aluhlaza (+3.7%) kanye ne-ether extract (+6.7%) athuthukisiwe.
Esinye isizathu esingaba khona sokwanda okuphawulwe kokugayeka kokudla okunomsoco umphumela we-betaine ekukhiqizeni i-enzyme.Ocwaningweni lwakamuva lwe-vivo ekungezeni kwe-betaine ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe, umsebenzi wama-enzyme wokugaya ukudla (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin ne-chymotrypsin) ku-chyme yahlolwa (ngaphandle kwe-maltase eyandayo ye-1). i-betaine yabonakala kakhulu ku-2,500 mg betaine / kg feed kune-1,250 mg / kg. Ukwanda komsebenzi kungase kube umphumela wokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-enzyme, noma kungase kube umphumela wokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwe-catalytic ye-enzyme.
Umfanekiso 1-Umsebenzi we-enzyme yokugaya emathunjini wengulube engezwe ngo-0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg noma 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro, kwafakazelwa ukuthi ngokungeza i-NaCl ukukhiqiza ingcindezi ephezulu ye-osmotic, i-trypsin kanye nemisebenzi ye-amylase yayivinjelwe.Ukwengeza amazinga ahlukene e-betaine kulokhu kuhlolwa kubuyisele umphumela ovimbelayo we-NaCl nokwandisa umsebenzi we-enzyme.Nokho, lapho i-NaCl ingangeziwe kwisixazululo se-buffer, i-betaine ayithinti ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-enzyme ekugxilweni okuphansi kodwa umsebenzi we-enzyme ubonisa umphumela we-bihi.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukwanda kokugaya ukudla okungachaza ukwanda okubikiwe ekusebenzeni kokukhula kanye nezinga lokuguqulwa kokuphakelayo kwezingulube ezihambisana ne-betaine yokudla.Ukwengeza i-betaine ekudleni kwezingulube nakho kunciphisa izidingo zamandla esondlo sesilwane.I-hypothesis yalo mphumela obonwayo ukuthi lapho i-betaine ingasetshenziswa ukugcina ingcindezi ye-intracellular osmotic, isidingo samaphampu e-ion siyancishiswa, lapho inqubo yokuthatha amandla iyancipha, okuwumphumela wokunciphisa amandla. i-betaine kulindeleke ukuthi igqame kakhulu ngokwandisa ukunikezwa kwamandla okukhula kunokulungisa.
Amangqamuzana e-epithelial ahlanganisa udonga lwamathumbu adinga ukubhekana nezimo ze-osmotic eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezikhiqizwa okuqukethwe okukhanyayo ngesikhathi sokugaya izakhi.Ngasikhathi sinye, lawa maseli amathumbu adinga ukulawula ukushintshaniswa kwamanzi kanye nezakhi ezahlukene phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu kanye ne-plasma. izicubu, okuqukethwe kwe-betaine ezicutshini zamathumbu kuphezulu kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi lawa mazinga athinteka ekugxilweni kwe-betaine yokudla.Amaseli alinganisela kahle azoba nokwanda okungcono kanye nekhono lokubuyisela kangcono.Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukwandisa izinga le-betaine lama-piglets kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kanye nokujula kwe-ileal crypts, i-vilel crypts ngaphezulu.
Kwesinye isifundo, ukwanda kokuphakama kwe-villi ku-duodenum, i-jejunum, ne-ileum kungabonwa, kodwa kwakungekho mphumela ekujuleni kwama-crypts.Njengoba kubonwe ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezingenwe yi-coccidia, umphumela wokuvikela we-betaine esakhiweni samathumbu ungase ubaluleke nakakhulu ngaphansi kwezinselele ezithile (osmotic).
Isithiyo samathumbu ngokuyinhloko sakhiwe amangqamuzana e-epithelial, axhunywe komunye nomunye ngamaprotheni ahlangene aqinile.Ubuqotho balesi sivimbelo kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi kanye namabhaktheriya e-pathogenic, okungase kubangele ukuvuvukala.Ezingulubeni, umthelela omubi wesithiyo samathumbu ubhekwa njengomphumela wokungcoliswa kwe-mycotoxin noma ukucindezeleka okukodwa kwemiphumela yokuphakelayo.
Ukuze kulinganiswe umthelela kumphumela wesithiyo, ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro kwemigqa yeseli kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukala ukumelana nogesi we-transepithelial (TEER). Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-betaine, i-TEER ethuthukisiwe ingabonwa ekuhloleni okuningi kwe-in vitro.Lapho ibhethri ivezwe ekushiseni okuphezulu (42°C), i-TEER izokwehla (Umfanekiso 2).Ukwengezwa kwalawa maseli aphikisayo ancishisiwe ku-TEER encishisiwe ekushiseni. okubonisa ukwanda kokumelana nokushisa.
Umfanekiso 2-In vitro imiphumela yokushisa okuphezulu kanye ne-betaine ku-cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, esifundweni se-vivo kuma-piglets, ukubonakaliswa okukhulayo kwamaprotheni ahlangene (i-occludin, i-claudin1, ne-zonula occludens-1) kuzicubu ze-jejunum zezilwane ezithola i-1,250 mg / kg betaine yalinganiswa uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. isithiyo esinamandla samathumbu.Lapho i-betaine yengezwa ekudleni kwezingulube ezikhulayo ezikhulayo, ukwanda kwamandla okuqina kwamathumbu kwalinganiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa.
Muva nje, izifundo ezimbalwa ziye zaxhumanisa i-betaine ohlelweni lwe-antioxidant futhi zachaza ukunciphisa ama-radicals mahhala, amazinga ancishisiwe we-malondialdehyde (MDA), nomsebenzi othuthukisiwe we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
I-Betaine ayigcini nje ngokusebenza njenge-osmoprotectant ezilwaneni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagciwane amaningi angaqongelela i-betaine ngokusebenzisa i-de novo synthesis noma ukuthutha kusuka emvelweni.Kunezibonakaliso zokuthi i-betaine ingaba nomthelela omuhle enanini lamabhaktheriya emathunjini ama-piglets alunyuliwe.Inani eliphelele lama-bacterium ileal, kanye nenani le-lactobacilli eyandayo, ikakhulukazi i-lactobacilli. I-Enterobacter yatholakala endle.
Okokugcina, kuyabonakala ukuthi umphumela we-betaine empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe ukuncishiswa kwezinga lohudo.Lo mphumela ungase uncike kumthamo: i-supplementary dietary 2,500 mg/kg betaine iphumelela kakhulu kune-1,250 mg/kg betaine ekunciphiseni izinga lohudo.Nokho-ke, amazinga amabili ocwaningo abonise ukuthi izingulube ezimbili ziye zabonisa okufanayo. lapho i-800 mg/kg ye-betaine yengezwa, izinga kanye nesigameko sohudo kumaphuphu ezingulube alunyuliwe siphansi.
I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elingaba ngu-1.8, okuholela ekuhlukaneni kwe-betaine HCl ngemva kokuyidla, okuholela ekugayweni kwe-asidi esiswini.
Ukudla okuthakazelisayo i-acidification engaba khona ye-betaine hydrochloride njengomthombo we-betaine.Emithini yabantu, izithasiselo ze-betaine HCl zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-pepsin ukusekela abantu abanezinkinga zesisu kanye nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla.Kulokhu, i-betaine hydrochloride ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo ophephile we-hydrochloric acid.Nakuba lungekho ulwazi mayelana nale ndawo, i-betaine hydrochloric feed ingase ibe ne-betaine hydrochloric feed uma i-betaine hydrochloride iqukethe i-hydrochloric acid. kubalulekile.
Kwaziwa kahle ukuthi i-pH yejusi yesisu yezingulube elunyuliwe ingase ibe phezulu kakhulu (pH>4), okuzothinta ukusebenza kwe-pepsin precursor to its precursor pepsinogen.Ukugaya kahle kwamaprotheni akubalulekile kuphela ezilwaneni ukuze zithole ukutholakala okuhle kwalesi sakhi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrotheni yokungagayeki ingabangela ukwanda okuyingozi kwenkinga ye-postunistic pathogen and opport isifo sohudo.I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elingaba ngu-1.8, okuholela ekuhlukanisekeni kwe-betaine HCl ngemva kokuyidla, okuholela ekugayweni kwe-asidi esiswini.
Lokhu kuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-acidity yesikhathi esifushane kuye kwabonwa ocwaningweni lokuqala kubantu nasezifundweni ezinjeni.Ngemva komthamo owodwa wama-750 mg noma u-1,500 mg we-betaine hydrochloride, i-pH yesisu sezinja ngaphambilini ezazilashwa ngama-agent okunciphisa i-gastric acid yehle kakhulu isuka ku-7 kuya ku-pH 2.Nokho, ekulawuleni okungalashwanga kwe-pH2, izinja ezazingahlobene ne-pH2 yayingekhona ukulawula izinja. Ukwengezwa kwe-HCl.
I-Betaine inomphumela omuhle empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe.Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kuqokomisa amathuba ahlukene e-betaine ukusekela ukugayeka kokudla kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhi, ukuthuthukisa izithiyo zokuzivikela ezingokomzimba, kuthonye i-microbiota, kanye nokuthuthukisa amakhono okuzivikela ezingulube.