I-Betaine iyinhlanganisela yemvelo esakazeka kabanzi ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Njengesengezo sokudla, inikezwa ngesimo se-anhydrous noma i-hydrochloride. Ingafakwa ekudleni kwezilwane ngezinjongo ezahlukene.
Okokuqala, lezi zinhloso zingase zihlobane nekhono elisebenzayo kakhulu lokunikela nge-methyl le-betaine, elivela kakhulu esibindini. Ngenxa yokudluliswa kwamaqembu e-methyl angazinzile, ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene njenge-methionine, i-carnitine kanye ne-creatine kuyakhuthazwa. Ngale ndlela, i-betaine ithinta i-protein, i-lipid kanye ne-energy metabolism, ngaleyo ndlela ishintshe ngokunenzuzo ukwakheka kwesidumbu.
Okwesibili, inhloso yokwengeza i-betaine ekudleni ingase ihlobane nomsebenzi wayo njengesivikelo se-organic penetrant. Kulo msebenzi, i-betaine isiza amangqamuzana kuwo wonke umzimba ukuthi alondoloze ibhalansi yamanzi kanye nomsebenzi wamaseli, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka. Isibonelo esaziwayo umphumela omuhle we-betaine ezilwaneni ezingaphansi kokucindezeleka kokushisa.
Ezingulubeni, kuye kwachazwa imiphumela ehlukahlukene enenzuzo yokwengezwa kwe-betaine. Lesi sihloko sizogxila endimeni ye-betaine njengesithako sokudla empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe.
Izifundo eziningana ze-betaine zibike umthelela ekugayweni kwezakhamzimba ku-ileum noma umgudu wokugaya wonke wezingulube. Ukubonwa okuphindaphindiwe kokwanda kokugaya kwe-ileal kwe-fiber (i-fiber eluhlaza noma i-neutral kanye ne-acid detergent fiber) kubonisa ukuthi i-betaine ivuselela ukubila kwamagciwane asevele ekhona emathunjini amancane, ngoba amangqamuzana amathumbu awakhiqizi ama-enzyme abhubhisa i-fiber. Ingxenye ye-fiber yesitshalo iqukethe izakhamzimba, ezingakhishwa ngesikhathi sokuwohloka kwale fibre yamagciwane.
Ngakho-ke, ukugayeka kokudla okomile kanye nomlotha ongahluziwe nakho kwabonakala. Ezingeni lokugaya ukudla eliphelele, kubikwe ukuthi amaphuphu engulube afakwe ukudla okungu-800 mg we-betaine/kg athuthukise ukugayeka kokudla okuluhlaza (+6.4%) kanye nokudla okomile (+4.2%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluhlukile lubonise ukuthi ngokufaka i-betaine engu-1,250 mg/kg, ukugayeka kokudla okuphelele okubonakalayo kweprotheyini engahluziwe (+3.7%) kanye ne-ether extract (+6.7%) kwathuthukiswa.
Esinye isizathu esingaba khona sokwanda okubonakalayo kokugaywa kwezakhamzimba umphumela we-betaine ekukhiqizweni kwama-enzyme. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva olwenziwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni mayelana nokufakwa kwe-betaine ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe, umsebenzi wama-enzyme okugaya ukudla (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin kanye ne-chymotrypsin) ku-chyme uhlolwe (Isithombe 1). Wonke ama-enzyme ngaphandle kwe-maltase abonise umsebenzi owandisiwe, futhi umphumela we-betaine wawubonakala kakhulu ekudleni okungu-2,500 mg kwe-betaine/kg kuno-1,250 mg/kg. Ukwanda komsebenzi kungaba umphumela wokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme, noma kungaba umphumela wokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwe-enzyme.
Umfanekiso 1-Umsebenzi we-enzyme yokugaya ukudla emathunjini ezingulube ezincane ongezwe yi-0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg noma i-2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Ekuhlolweni kwe-in vitro, kwafakazelwa ukuthi ngokungeza i-NaCl ukukhiqiza ingcindezi ephezulu ye-osmotic, imisebenzi ye-trypsin ne-amylase yavinjelwa. Ukwengeza amazinga ahlukene e-betaine kulolu vivinyo kwabuyisela umphumela wokuvimbela we-NaCl kanye nomsebenzi we-enzyme owandisiwe. Kodwa-ke, uma i-NaCl ingafakwanga esixazululweni se-buffer, i-betaine ayithinti umsebenzi we-enzyme ekugxilweni okuphansi, kodwa ikhombisa umphumela wokuvimbela ekugxilweni okuphezulu.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukwanda kokugayeka kokudla okungachaza ukwanda okubikiwe kokusebenza kokukhula kanye nezinga lokuguqulwa kokudla kwezingulube ezifakwe i-betaine yokudla. Ukwengeza i-betaine ekudleni kwezingulube kunciphisa nezidingo zamandla okugcinwa kwesilwane. Umbono walo mphumela obonakalayo ukuthi lapho i-betaine ingasetshenziswa ukugcina ingcindezi ye-osmotic yangaphakathi kweseli, isidingo samaphampu e-ion siyancishiswa, okuyinqubo edinga amandla. Endabeni yokungenisa amandla okulinganiselwe, umphumela wokwengeza i-betaine kulindeleke ukuthi ubonakale kakhulu ngokwandisa ukunikezwa kwamandla okukhula kunokugcina.
Amaseli e-epithelial amboze udonga lwamathumbu adinga ukubhekana nezimo ze-osmotic eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezibangelwa okuqukethwe yi-luminal ngesikhathi sokugaya izakhamzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lawa maseli amathumbu adinga ukulawula ukushintshaniswa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba ezahlukene phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu ne-plasma. Ukuze kuvikelwe amaseli kulezi zimo ezinzima, i-betaine iyinto ebalulekile ephilayo engenela. Lapho kubhekwe ukuhlushwa kwe-betaine ezicutshini ezahlukene, okuqukethwe kwe-betaine ezicutshini zamathumbu kuphakeme kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi la mazinga athintwa ukuhlushwa kwe-betaine ekudleni. Amaseli alinganiswe kahle azoba nokwanda okungcono kanye namakhono angcono okululama. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukwandisa izinga le-betaine lamachwane kukhulisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kanye nokujula kwe-ileal crypts, kanti ama-villi afana kakhulu.
Kolunye ucwaningo, ukwanda kokuphakama kwe-villi ku-duodenum, i-jejunum, kanye ne-ileum kungabonakala, kodwa akukho mphumela ekujuleni kwama-crypts. Njengoba kubonwe ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezinegciwane le-coccidia, umphumela wokuvikela we-betaine esakhiweni samathumbu ungaba obaluleke kakhulu ngaphansi kwezinselele ezithile (ze-osmotic).
Isithiyo samathumbu sakhiwe kakhulu ngamaseli e-epithelial, axhumene ngamaprotheni aqinile okuhlangana. Ubuqotho balesi sisithiyo bubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi namagciwane abangela izifo, okungase kubangele ukuvuvukala. Ezingulubeni, umthelela omubi wesithiyo samathumbu ubhekwa njengomphumela wokungcola kwe-mycotoxin ekudleni, noma omunye wemiphumela emibi yokucindezeleka kokushisa.
Ukuze kulinganiswe umthelela emphumeleni wokuvimbela, ukuhlolwa kwemigqa yamaseli e-in vitro kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukala ukumelana kukagesi kwe-transepithelial (TEER). Ngokusebenzisa i-betaine, i-TEER ethuthukisiwe ingabonakala ezivivinyweni eziningi ze-in vitro. Lapho ibhethri livezwa ekushiseni okuphezulu (42°C), i-TEER izoncipha (Isithombe 2). Ukwengezwa kwe-betaine endaweni yokukhula yala maseli avulekele ukushisa kulwisane ne-TEER enciphile, okubonisa ukumelana nokushisa okwandisiwe.
Umfanekiso 2-Imiphumela ye-in vitro yokushisa okuphezulu kanye ne-betaine ekuphikisweni kwe-transepithelial yeseli (TEER).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ocwaningweni olwenziwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni wezingulube ezincane, ukuvezwa okwandisiwe kwamaprotheni e-tight junction (occludin, claudin1, kanye ne-zonula occludens-1) ezicutshini ze-jejunum zezilwane ezathola i-1,250 mg/kg betaine kwalinganiswa uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengophawu lomonakalo we-mucosal yamathumbu, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase ku-plasma yalezi zingulube wehliswa kakhulu, okubonisa isithiyo esiqinile samathumbu. Lapho i-betaine ingezwa ekudleni kwezingulube ezikhula ziqede, ukwanda kwamandla okudonsa kwamathumbu kwalinganiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa.
Muva nje, izifundo eziningana zixhumanise i-betaine nohlelo lwe-antioxidant futhi zichaze ukwehla kwama-free radicals, amazinga aphansi e-malondialdehyde (MDA), kanye nomsebenzi othuthukisiwe we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
I-Betaine ayigcini nje ngokusebenza njenge-osmoprotector ezilwaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhaktheriya amaningi angaqoqa i-betaine ngokwenziwa kwe-de novo noma ukuthuthwa esuka endaweni ezungezile. Kunezibonakaliso zokuthi i-betaine ingaba nomthelela omuhle enanini lamabhaktheriya endleleni yokugaya ukudla kwamachwane akhumuliwe. Inani eliphelele lamabhaktheriya e-ileal, ikakhulukazi i-bifidobacteria ne-lactobacilli, liye landa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani eliphansi le-Enterobacter litholakale endle.
Ekugcineni, kuyabonakala ukuthi umphumela we-betaine empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyulwe ubisi ukwehla kwesilinganiso sohudo. Lo mphumela ungase uncike kumthamo: isithasiselo sokudla esingu-2,500 mg/kg betaine sisebenza kangcono kune-1,250 mg/kg betaine ekunciphiseni izinga lohudo. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwezingulube ezilunyulwe ubisi emazingeni amabili okwengeza kwakufana. Abanye abacwaningi bakhombisile ukuthi uma kufakwa i-800 mg/kg ye-betaine, izinga kanye nokusabalala kohudo ezingulubeni ezilunyulwe ubisi kuphansi.
I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elingaba ngu-1.8, okuholela ekuhlukaniseni kwe-betaine HCl ngemva kokuyidla, okuholela ekuqinisweni kwe-asidi esiswini.
Ukudla okuthakazelisayo ukuthi i-betaine hydrochloride ingaba ne-acidization engaba khona njengomthombo we-betaine. Emithini yabantu, izithasiselo ze-betaine HCl zivame ukusetshenziswa kanye ne-pepsin ukusekela abantu abanezinkinga zesisu nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla. Kulesi simo, i-betaine hydrochloride ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo ophephile we-hydrochloric acid. Nakuba kungekho lwazi ngalesi sici lapho i-betaine hydrochloride iqukethwe khona ekudleni kwezingulube, kungaba kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kuyaziwa kahle ukuthi i-pH yejusi yesisu yamaphuphu aphuciwe ingaba phezulu (pH>4), okuzothinta ukusebenza kwe-pepsin precursor ku-pepsinogen yayo yangaphambi kwayo. Ukugaya amaprotheni okuhle akubalulekile nje kuphela ezilwaneni ukuze zithole ukutholakala okuhle kwalesi sakhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni okugayeka kokudla angabangela ukwanda okuyingozi kwamagciwane anethuba futhi andise inkinga yohudo ngemuva kokukhumula. I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elingaba ngu-1.8, okuholela ekuhlukaniseni kwe-betaine HCl ngemva kokuyidla, okuholela ekuqinisweni kwe-asidi esiswini.
Lokhu kuvuselelwa kwe-acid yesikhashana kubonwe ocwaningweni lokuqala kubantu nasezifundweni ezinjeni. Ngemva komthamo owodwa we-750 mg noma i-1,500 mg ye-betaine hydrochloride, i-pH yesisu sezinja ezaziphathwe ngaphambilini ngezinto zokunciphisa i-asidi yesisu yehle kakhulu isuka ku-7 iye ku-pH 2. Kodwa-ke, ezinjeni ezilawulwayo ezingalashwanga, i-pH yesisu yayicishe ibe ngu-2, okwakungahlobene nokwengezwa kwe-betaine HCl.
I-Betaine inomthelela omuhle empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kugqamisa amathuba ahlukene e-betaine okusekela ukugaya nokumunca izakhamzimba, ukuthuthukisa izithiyo zokuvikela ngokomzimba, ukuthonya i-microbiota, nokuthuthukisa amakhono okuzivikela ezingulubeni.