Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternaryingasetshenziswa ngokuphephile ekuhlanzeni amagciwaneukufuya izinhlanzi, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe indlela efanele yokusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlushwa ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

1,Kuyini usawoti we-quaternary ammonium
Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternaryiyisibulali-magciwane esingabizi, esisebenzayo, futhi esisetshenziswa kabanzi ngefomula yamakhemikhali (CnH2n+1) (CH3) 3N+X -, lapho i-X - ingaba yi-Cl -, Br -, I -, SO42-, njll. Esisombululoni samanzi, ibonakala njengejeli noma uketshezi futhi ingabulala ngokushesha amagciwane anjengebhaktheriya, amagciwane, isikhunta, njll. Ayithinteki kalula yizinto eziphilayo kanye nobunzima bamanzi.
2,Umgomo wokubulala amagciwaneusawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary
Umgomo wokubulala amagciwane kasawoti we-quaternary ammonium uwukubhubhisa ulwelwesi lwamaseli namaprotheni amabhaktheriya, okubangela ukuba alahlekelwe amandla awo okukhula nokuzala. Umphumela wokubulala amagciwane kasawoti we-quaternary ammonium uhlobene nezici ezifana nokuhlushwa, inani le-pH, isikhathi sokuxhumana, kanye nokushisa.
3,Indlela yokusebenzisa usawoti we-quaternary ammonium ngendlela efanele
1. Ukulawula ukugxilisa ingqondo
Uma usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary usetshenziswa ekuhlanzeni amagciwane ekukhuliseni amachibi, ukuhlushwa kudinga ukulawulwa ngokuya ngobukhulu nobunzima bomzimba wamanzi. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenzisa ukuhlushwa kwe-0.1% -0.2% usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary kungahlanza amagciwane ngempumelelo, kodwa akukwazi ukudlula u-0.5%.
2. Isikhathi sokuxhumana
Uma usebenzisa usawoti we-quaternary ammonium ukubulala amagciwane, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthintana ngokuphelele nobuso bamanzi namanzi. Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukuthi ubulale amagciwane imizuzu engama-30 kuya emahoreni ama-2.
3. Ukulawula imvamisa
Uma usebenzisa usawoti we-quaternary ammonium ukubulala amagciwane, ukuvama kokubulala amagciwane nakho kudinga ukulawulwa. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungabangela umonakalo endaweni yemvelo yasemanzini, futhi ngokuvamile akufanele kudlule kanye ngesonto.
4, Izinyathelo Zokuqapha
1. Vimbela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kosawoti we-quaternary ammonium kungandisa okuqukethwe kwe-ammonia nitrogen kanye ne-nitrogen emizimbeni yamanzi, okuthinta indawo ezungezile yemizimbeni yamanzi futhi kuholele ezinkingeni ezifana nokufa kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
2. Gwema ukuxuba neminye imithi
Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary akufanele uhlanganiswe nezinye izibulali-magciwane, ngaphandle kwalokho kungase kwenzeke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokubulala amagciwane futhi okungenzeka kukhiqize izinto eziyingozi.
3. Naka ukuphepha komuntu siqu
Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternaryiyisibulali-magciwane esingaboli kakhulu, futhi amagilavu ​​​​kufanele agqokwe uma uyisebenzisa, ugweme ukuthintana namehlo nomlomo. Uma igwinywe noma ingene emehlweni ngengozi, hlanza ngokushesha bese ucela usizo lwezokwelapha.
5, ukuhlaziywa kokuphepha
Nakubausawoti we-ammonium we-quaternaryNjengoba zisetshenziswa kabanzi njengezibulala-magciwane, kusadingeka ukunaka indlela efanele yokusebenzisa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela emibi endaweni yemvelo yasemanzini kanye nezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

Izifundo ezihlobene zikhombisile ukuthi ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okufanele kokuhlushwa kanye nokuvama kokubulala amagciwane, usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary unobuthi obuncane ku-izinto eziphilayo zasemanzinifuthi ngeke kube nomthelela omkhulu kubo.

Umgomo wokusebenza kosawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary wei-trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)kubonakala kakhulu ezimpahleni zayo ze-surfactant kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali:
Umsebenzi womphezulu: Iusawoti we-ammonium we-quaternaryisakhiwo salo sinikeza isici esikabili se-hydrophilicity kanye ne-hydrophobicity, okunganciphisa ukucindezeleka kobuso boketshezi. Kuma-detergent, lesi sici sisiza ukususa amabala kawoyela: ingxenye ye-hydrophilic ihlangana namanzi, kanti ingxenye ye-hydrophobic ihlangana namafutha, kwakha ama-micelle ukuze ahlanganise ukungcola.
Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo: I-polarity yesibopho se-nitrogen oxygen (N → O) yama-quaternary ammonium salts inamandla, engazinzisa isakhiwo samaprotheni esinobukhulu obuthathu. Ekulawulweni kwengcindezi ye-osmotic, amaprotheni avikelwe ezintweni ezishintshashintshayo njenge-urea ne-ammonia nitrogen ngokusebenzisana kokushaja.
Isici esibuthakathaka sokuxoxisa: Njenge-oxidant emnene, ama-athomu e-oxygen ku-usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternaryisakhiwo singadluliselwa kwezinye izinto (njenge-aldehyde synthesis reactions) bese sizincishisa sibe yi-trimethylamine

Ngokufigqiwe,usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternaryingasetshenziswa ngokuphephile ekubulaleni amagciwane ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe izindlela zokusebenzisa ezifanele kanye nokugxila kwazo ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.