Isifinyezo

Intuthuko enkulu yocwaningo lwe-carbohydrate ekudleni kwengulube kanye nempilo yayo ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwe-carbohydrate, okungasekelwe kuphela esakhiweni sayo samakhemikhali, kodwa futhi okusekelwe ezicini zayo zomzimba. Ngaphezu kokuba umthombo wamandla oyinhloko, izinhlobo ezahlukene nezakhiwo zama-carbohydrate zizuzisa emisebenzini yokudla kanye nempilo yezingulube. Zihilelekile ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nokusebenza kwamathumbu ezingulube, ukulawula umphakathi wamagciwane amathumbu, kanye nokulawula imetabolism yama-lipids kanye ne-glucose. Indlela eyisisekelo ye-carbohydrate iwukusebenzisa ama-metabolites ayo (ama-fatty acids ama-short chain [SCFAs]) futhi ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk kanye ne-scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK ukulawula imetabolism yamafutha kanye ne-glucose. Izifundo ezintsha zihlole inhlanganisela efanele yezinhlobo ezahlukene nezakhiwo zama-carbohydrate, ezingathuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nokugaya izakhamzimba, zikhuthaze ukusebenza kwamathumbu, futhi zandise inani lamabhaktheriya akhiqiza i-butyrate ezingulubeni. Sekukonke, ubufakazi obuqand’ikhanda busekela umbono wokuthi ama-carbohydrate adlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini yokudla kanye nempilo yezingulube. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunqunywa kokwakheka kwama-carbohydrate kuzoba nenani elingokombono nelisebenzayo lokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulinganisela ama-carbohydrate ezingulubeni.

1. Isandulelo

Ama-carbohydrate e-polymeric, i-starch kanye ne-non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) yizona zinto eziyinhloko zokudla kanye nemithombo yamandla eyinhloko yezingulube, okubalwa ku-60% - 70% wokudla okuphelele kwamandla (Bach Knudsen). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kanye nesakhiwo sama-carbohydrate kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okunemiphumela ehlukene ezingulubeni. Izifundo zangaphambilini zibonise ukuthi ukondla nge-starch ngesilinganiso esihlukile se-amylose kuya ku-amylose (AM / AP) kunempendulo ebonakalayo yomzimba ekusebenzeni kokukhula kwezingulube (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). I-fiber yokudla, ehlanganiswe kakhulu yi-NSP, kukholakala ukuthi inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezakhamzimba kanye nenani lamandla ezilwane ezinesisu esisodwa (NOBLET kanye no-le, 2001). Kodwa-ke, ukudla i-fiber yokudla akuzange kuthinte ukusebenza kokukhula kwezingulube ezincane (Han & Lee, 2005). Ubufakazi obuningi bubonisa ukuthi i-fibre yokudla ithuthukisa isimo samathumbu kanye nomsebenzi wokuvimbela amaphuphu ezingulube, futhi inciphisa ukwanda kohudo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014 ； Wu et al., 2018). Ngakho-ke, kuyaphuthuma ukufunda ukuthi ungawasebenzisa kanjani ngempumelelo ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi ekudleni, ikakhulukazi ukudla okucebile nge-fiber. Izici zesakhiwo kanye ne-taxonomic zama-carbohydrate kanye nemisebenzi yazo yokudla kanye nempilo yezingulube kumele zichazwe futhi zicatshangelwe ekwakhiweni kokudla. I-NSP kanye nesitashi esingamelana naso (RS) yiwona ama-carbohydrate ayinhloko angagayeki (wey et al., 2011), kuyilapho i-microbiota yamathumbu ibilisa ama-carbohydrate angagayeki abe ama-fatty acid amafushane (SCFAs); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-oligosaccharides nama-polysaccharides abhekwa njengama-probiotic ezilwane, angasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza isilinganiso se-Lactobacillus ne-Bifidobacterium emathunjini (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Ukwengezwa kwe-oligosaccharide kubikwe ukuthi kuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwe-intestinal microbiota (de Lange et al., 2010). Ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwabagqugquzeli bokukhula okulwa namagciwane ekukhiqizweni kwengulube, kubalulekile ukuthola ezinye izindlela zokufeza impilo enhle yezilwane. Kukhona ithuba lokwengeza izinhlobo eziningi zama-carbohydrate ekudleni kwengulube. Ubufakazi obuningi bubonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela efanele yesitashi, i-NSP kanye ne-MOS ingakhuthaza ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nokugaya izakhamzimba, yandise inani lamabhaktheriya akhiqiza i-butyrate, futhi ithuthukise i-lipid metabolism yezingulube ezilunyuliwe ngezinga elithile (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Ngakho-ke, inhloso yaleli phepha ukubukeza ucwaningo lwamanje ngendima ebalulekile yama-carbohydrate ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nokusebenza kwamathumbu, ukulawula umphakathi wamagciwane amathumbu kanye nempilo ye-metabolic, kanye nokuhlola inhlanganisela yama-carbohydrate ezingulubeni.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-carbohydrate

Ama-carbohydrate ekudleni angahlukaniswa ngokosayizi wawo wama-molecule, izinga le-polymerization (DP), uhlobo lokuxhumana (a noma b) kanye nokwakheka kwama-monomers ngamanye (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kwama-carbohydrate kusekelwe ku-DP yawo, njenge-monosaccharides noma ama-disaccharides (DP, 1-2), ama-oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) kanye nama-polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), akhiwa yi-starch, i-NSP kanye nezibopho ze-glycosidic (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Ithebula 1). Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kuyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe imiphumela yomzimba kanye nempilo yama-carbohydrate. Ngokuhlonza amakhemikhali ama-carbohydrate ngokuphelele, kungenzeka ukuwahlanganisa ngokwemiphumela yawo yempilo kanye neyomzimba futhi uwafake ohlelweni lokuhlukaniswa oluphelele (englyst et al., 2007). Ama-carbohydrate (ama-monosaccharides, ama-disaccharides, kanye nesitashi esiningi) angagaywa ngama-enzyme aphethe futhi amuncwe emathunjini amancane achazwa njengama-carbohydrate angakwazi ukugaywa noma atholakalayo (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Ama-carbohydrate angakwazi ukugaywa emathunjini, noma angamuncwa kahle futhi asetshenziswe kabi, kodwa angase ancishiswe ukubiliswa kwamagciwane abhekwa njengama-carbohydrate angakwazi ukugaywa, njenge-NSP eningi, ama-oligosaccharides angagaywa kanye ne-RS. Empeleni, ama-carbohydrate angakwazi ukugaywa achazwa njengangagaywa noma angasetshenziswa, kodwa anikeza incazelo enembile kakhulu yokuhlukaniswa kwama-carbohydrate (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 ukusebenza kokukhula

Isitashi sakhiwe izinhlobo ezimbili zama-polysaccharides. I-Amylose (AM) uhlobo lwesitashi esiqondile i-α (1-4) dextran exhunyiwe, i-amylopectin (AP) iyi-α (1-4) dextran exhunyiwe, equkethe cishe i-5% dextran α (1-6) ukwakha i-molecule enamagatsha (tester et al., 2004). Ngenxa yokwakheka okuhlukile kwama-molecule kanye nezakhiwo, ama-starch acebile nge-AP kulula ukuwagaya, kuyilapho ama-starch acebile nge-am akulula ukuwagaya (Singh et al., 2010). Izifundo zangaphambilini zikhombisile ukuthi ukudla kwesitashi ngezilinganiso ezahlukene ze-AM / AP kunezimpendulo ezibalulekile zomzimba ekusebenzeni kokukhula kwezingulube (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Ukudla kokudla kanye nokusebenza kahle kokudla kwezingulube ezilunyuliwe kwehle ngokwanda kwe-AM (regmi et al., 2011). Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi obuvelayo bubika ukuthi ukudla okunama-am aphezulu kwandisa inzuzo yansuku zonke kanye nokusebenza kahle kokudla kwezingulube ezikhulayo (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye ososayensi babike ukuthi ukondla izilinganiso ezahlukene ze-AM/AP zesitashi akuzange kuthinte ukusebenza kokukhula kwezingulube ezisanda kususwa (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), kuyilapho ukudla okuphezulu kwe-AP kwandisa ukugayeka kwezakhamzimba kwezingulube ezisanda kususwa (Gao et al., 2020A). I-fibre yokudla iyingxenye encane yokudla evela ezitshalweni. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi i-fibre ephezulu yokudla ihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwezakhamzimba kanye nenani eliphansi lamandla aphelele (noble & Le, 2001). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudla okulinganiselwe kwe-fibre akuzange kuthinte ukusebenza kokukhula kwezingulube ezisanda kususwa (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Imiphumela ye-fibre yokudla ekusetshenzisweni kwezakhamzimba kanye nenani lamandla aphelele ithintwa izici ze-fibre, futhi imithombo ehlukene ye-fibre ingase ihluke kakhulu (lndber, 2014). Ezingulubeni ezilunyulwe ubisi, ukwengeza nge-pea fiber kwakunezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kokudla kunokudla i-corn fiber, i-soybean fiber kanye ne-wheat bran fiber (Chen et al., 2014). Ngokufanayo, amaphuphu ezingulube ezilunyulwe ubisi aphathwe nge-corn bran kanye ne-wheat bran abonise ukusebenza kahle kokudla kanye nokwanda kwesisindo kunalawo aphathwe nge-soybean hull (Zhao et al., 2018). Ngokuthakazelisayo, kwakungekho mehluko ekusebenzeni kokukhula phakathi kweqembu le-wheat bran fiber kanye neqembu le-inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphuphu ezingulube eqenjini le-cellulose kanye neqembu le-xylan, ukwengeza kwakungcono kakhulu ngoba i-β- I-Glucan iphazamisa ukusebenza kokukhula kwamaphuphu ezingulube (Wu et al., 2018). Ama-oligosaccharides angama-carbohydrate anesisindo esiphansi sama-molecule, aphakathi koshukela nama-polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Zinezakhiwo ezibalulekile zomzimba kanye ne-physicochemical, okuhlanganisa inani eliphansi lama-calories futhi zikhuthaza ukukhula kwamagciwane anenzuzo, ngakho-ke zingasetshenziswa njenge-probiotics yokudla (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto and mancilha, 2007). Ukwengezwa kwe-chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) kungathuthukisa ukugayeka kwezakhamzimba, kunciphise ukwanda kwesifo sohudo futhi kuthuthukise isimo samathumbu, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kokukhula kwezingulube ezilunyuliwe (Zhou et al., 2012). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okune-cos kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokuzala kwezingulube ezinsikazi (inani lezingulube eziphilayo) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) kanye nokusebenza kokukhula kwezingulube ezikhulayo (wontae et al., 2008). Ukwengezwa kwe-MOS kanye ne-fructooligosaccharide kungathuthukisa nokusebenza kahle kokukhula kwezingulube (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Le mibiko ikhombisa ukuthi ama-carbohydrate ahlukahlukene anemiphumela ehlukile ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhula kwezingulube (ithebula 2a).

3.2 ukusebenza kwamathumbu

Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-am/ap starch singathuthukisa impilo yamathumbu (i-tribyrin(ingavikelwa yingulube) ngokukhuthaza ukwakheka kwamathumbu nokulawula ukusebenza kwamathumbu okuhlobene nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezingulubeni ezilunyulwayo (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). Isilinganiso sokuphakama kwe-villi kuya ekuphakameni kwe-villi kanye nokujula kwe-ileum ne-jejunum kwakuphakeme uma kuphakelwa ukudla okuphezulu kwe-am, kanti izinga le-apoptosis eliphelele lamathumbu amancane laliphansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwandise nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezivimbayo ku-duodenum kanye ne-jejunum, kuyilapho eqenjini le-AP ephezulu, imisebenzi ye-sucrose kanye ne-maltase ku-jejunum yezingulube ezilunyulwayo yanda (Gao et al., 2020b). Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi wangaphambilini uthole ukuthi ukudla okucebile kwe-am rich kunciphisa i-pH kanye nokudla okucebile kwe-AP kwandisa inani eliphelele lamagciwane ku-caecum yezingulube ezilunyulwayo (Gao et al., 2020A). I-fibre yokudla iyisici esiyinhloko esithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwamathumbu kanye nokusebenza kwezingulube. Ubufakazi obuqoqiwe bubonisa ukuthi i-fibre yokudla ithuthukisa isimo samathumbu kanye nomsebenzi wokuvimbela izingulube ezilunyulwe, futhi kunciphisa ukwanda kohudo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber，2014； Wu et al., 2018). Ukuntuleka kwe-fibre ekudleni kwandisa ukuzwela kwamagciwane futhi kuphazamisa umsebenzi wokuvimbela we-mucosa yamathumbu amakhulu (Desai et al., 2016), kuyilapho ukudla nge-fibre enganyibiliki kakhulu kungavimbela amagciwane ngokwandisa ubude be-villi ezingulubeni (hedemann et al., 2006). Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-fibre zinemiphumela ehlukene emsebenzini wokuvimbela i-colon kanye ne-ileum. I-bran bran kanye ne-pea fibers kuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokuvimbela i-gut ngokulawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ze-TLR2 kanye nokuthuthukisa imiphakathi yamagciwane amathumbu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-corn kanye ne-soybean fibers (Chen et al., 2015). Ukungenisa i-pea fiber isikhathi eside kungalawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo noma amaprotheni ahlobene ne-metabolism, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuvimbela i-colon kanye nokusebenza komzimba (Che et al., 2014). I-inulin ekudleni ingagwema ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu ezingulubeni ezincanyana ezilunyulwe ngokwandisa ukungena kwamathumbu (Awad et al., 2013). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-soluble (i-inulin) kanye ne-fibre enganyibiliki (i-cellulose) isebenza kangcono kunokwayo yodwa, okungathuthukisa ukumuncwa kokudla kanye nomsebenzi wokuvimbela amathumbu ezingulubeni ezilunyulwe (Chen et al., 2019). Umphumela we-fibre yokudla ku-mucosa yamathumbu uncike ezingxenyeni zawo. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luthole ukuthi i-xylan ikhuthaza umsebenzi wokuvimbela amathumbu, kanye nezinguquko ku-spectrum yamagciwane kanye nama-metabolites, kanye ne-glucan ikhuthaze umsebenzi wokuvimbela amathumbu kanye nempilo ye-mucosal, kodwa ukwengezwa kwe-cellulose akuzange kubonise imiphumela efanayo ekulunyulweni kwezingulube (Wu et al., 2018). Ama-oligosaccharides angasetshenziswa njengemithombo yekhabhoni yama-microorganisms esiswini esingaphezulu esikhundleni sokugaywa nokusetshenziswa. Ukwengezwa kwe-fructose kungandisa ukujiya kwe-mucosa yamathumbu, ukukhiqizwa kwe-butyric acid, inani lamaseli aphindaphindayo kanye nokwanda kwamaseli e-epithelial yamathumbu ezingulubeni ezilunyulwe (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Ama-oligosaccharides e-Pectin angathuthukisa ukusebenza kwesithiyo samathumbu futhi anciphise umonakalo wamathumbu obangelwa yi-rotavirus kuma-piglens (Mao et al., 2017). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholakale ukuthi i-cos ingakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwe-mucosa yamathumbu futhi ikhulise kakhulu ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezivimbayo kuma-piglens (WAN, Jiang, et al. ngendlela ephelele, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-carbohydrate zingathuthukisa ukusebenza kwamathumbu kwama-piglens (ithebula 2b).

Isifinyezo kanye Nethemba

Ama-carbohydrate angumthombo wamandla oyinhloko wezingulube, owakhiwa ama-monosaccharide ahlukahlukene, ama-disaccharide, ama-oligosaccharide nama-polysaccharide. Amagama asekelwe ezicini zomzimba asiza ukugxila emisebenzini yezempilo engaba khona yama-carbohydrate futhi athuthukise ukunemba kokuhlukaniswa kwama-carbohydrate. Izakhiwo ezahlukene nezinhlobo zama-carbohydrate zinemiphumela ehlukene ekugcineni ukusebenza kokukhula, ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kwamathumbu kanye nokulinganisela kwamagciwane, kanye nokulawula i-lipid kanye ne-glucose metabolism. Indlela engenzeka yokulawulwa kwama-carbohydrate kwe-lipid kanye ne-glucose metabolism isekelwe kuma-metabolites awo (ama-SCFA), avutshelwa yi-intestinal microbiota. Ngokukhethekile, ama-carbohydrate ekudleni angalawula i-glucose metabolism ngezindlela ze-scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY kanye ne-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, futhi alawule i-lipid metabolism ngezindlela ze-scfas-gpr43 / 41 kanye ne-amp / atp-ampk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-carbohydrate zisekuhlanganisweni okuhle kakhulu, ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nomsebenzi wezempilo wezingulube kungathuthukiswa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imisebenzi engaba khona ye-carbohydrate ekubonakalisweni kwamaprotheni kanye nezakhi zofuzo kanye nokulawulwa kwe-metabolic izotholakala ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-proteomics ezisebenzayo eziphezulu, i-genomics kanye ne-metabonomics. Okokugcina kodwa okungabalulekile, ukuhlolwa kwezinhlanganisela ezahlukene ze-carbohydrate kuyimfuneko yokutadisha ukudla okuhlukahlukene kwe-carbohydrate ekukhiqizweni kwengulube.

Umthombo: Ijenali Yesayensi Yezilwane