I-Betaine inomphumela omuhle emathunjini ezingulube ezilunyulwe, kodwa ivame ukukhohlwa lapho kucatshangelwa izithasiselo ezingaba khona zokusekela impilo yamathumbu noma ukunciphisa izinkinga ezihlobene nohudo olulunyulwe. Ukwengeza i-betaine njengesakhamzimba esisebenzayo sokudla kungathinta izilwane ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Okokuqala, i-betaine inekhono elinamandla kakhulu lokunikela ngeqembu le-methyl, ikakhulukazi esibindini sesilwane. Ngenxa yokudluliswa kwamaqembu e-methyl angazinzile, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene njenge-methionine, i-carnitine kanye ne-creatine kuyathuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, i-betaine ithinta i-protein, i-lipid kanye ne-energy metabolism yezilwane, ngaleyo ndlela ishintshe ngokunenzuzo ukwakheka kwesidumbu.
Okwesibili, i-betaine ingafakwa ekudleni njengento evikelayo ephilayo. I-Betaine isebenza njenge-osmoprotectant, isiza amaseli kuwo wonke umzimba ukuthi alondoloze ibhalansi yoketshezi kanye nomsebenzi wamaseli, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka. Isibonelo esaziwayo umphumela omuhle we-betaine ezilwaneni ezihlushwa ukucindezeleka kokushisa.
Imiphumela ehlukahlukene enenzuzo ekusebenzeni kwezilwane ichazwe njengomphumela wokwengezwa kwe-betaine ngesimo se-anhydrous noma i-hydrochloride. Lesi sihloko sizogxila emathubeni amaningi okusebenzisa i-betaine njengesithasiselo sokudla ukusekela impilo yamathumbu ezingulubeni ezincelisiwe.
Izifundo eziningana ze-betaine zibike imiphumela ye-betaine ekugayweni kwezakhamzimba ku-ileum kanye ne-colon yezingulube. Ukubonwa okuphindaphindiwe kokwanda kokugaya kwe-fiber ku-ileum (i-fiber engacwengekile noma i-fiber yokuhlanzwa engathathi hlangothi kanye ne-acid) kusikisela ukuthi i-betaine ivuselela ukubila kwamagciwane emathunjini amancane ngoba ama-enterocyte awakhiqizi ama-enzyme abhubhisa i-fiber. Izingxenye zezitshalo ezine-fiber ziqukethe izakhamzimba ezingakhishwa lapho i-fiber ebola. Ngakho-ke, kwabonakala ukuthuthuka kokugaya kwezinto ezomile kanye nomlotha ongacwengekile. Ezingeni lomgudu wonke wokugaya ukudla, amaphuphu amancane adla ukudla okungu-800 mg we-betaine/kg abonise ukugaywa okuthuthukisiwe kweprotheyini engacwengekile (+6.4%) kanye nezinto ezomile (+4.2%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukugaywa okubonakalayo kweprotheyini engacwengekile (+3.7%) kanye ne-ether extract (+6.7%) kuthuthukisiwe ngokungezwa kwe-betaine ku-1250 mg/kg.
Esinye isizathu esingaba khona sokwanda okubonakalayo kokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba umphumela we-betaine ekukhiqizweni kwama-enzyme. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje olwenziwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni ngemiphumela yokwengezwa kwe-betaine ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe luhlole umsebenzi wama-enzyme okugaya ukudla (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin kanye ne-chymotrypsin) ku-digesta (Isithombe 1). Umsebenzi wawo wonke ama-enzyme wanda, ngaphandle kwe-maltase, kanti umphumela we-betaine wawubonakala kakhulu kumthamo wokudla okungu-2500 mg we-betaine/kg kunomthamo wokudla okungu-1250 mg/kg. Umsebenzi owandisiwe ungase ubangelwe ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme okwandisiwe, kodwa futhi ungase ubangelwe ukusebenza kahle kwama-enzyme okukhulisa i-catalytic. Ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro kubonise ukuthi imisebenzi ye-trypsin ne-amylase ivinjelwa ngokudala ingcindezi ephezulu ye-osmotic ngokungeza i-NaCl. Kulolu cwaningo, ukwengezwa kwe-betaine ngamanani ahlukahlukene kubuyisele umphumela wokuvimbela we-NaCl futhi kwathuthukisa umsebenzi wama-enzyme. Kodwa-ke, lapho kungekho sodium chloride eyongezwe esixazululweni se-buffer, i-betaine inclusion complex ayizange ibe nomthelela emsebenzini we-enzyme ekugxilweni okuphansi, kodwa yabonisa umphumela wokuvimbela ekugxilweni okuphezulu.
Ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokukhula kanye namazinga okuguqulwa kokudla kubikwe ku-betaine yokudla ephakelwa izingulube, kanye nokugaya okuthuthukisiwe. Ukwengeza i-betaine ekudleni kwezingulube kunciphisa nezidingo zamandla esilwane. Umbono walo mphumela obonakalayo ukuthi lapho i-betaine itholakala ukuze igcine ingcindezi ye-osmotic yangaphakathi kweseli, isidingo samaphampu e-ion (inqubo edinga amandla) siyancishiswa. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni lapho ukudla kwamandla kulinganiselwe, umphumela wokwengezwa kwe-betaine kulindeleke ukuthi ube mkhulu ngokukhulisa ukukhula kunokuba ugcine izidingo zamandla.
Amaseli e-epithelial odongeni lwamathumbu kumele abhekane nezimo ze-osmotic eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezidalwe okuqukethwe yi-lumen yamathumbu ngesikhathi sokugaya izakhamzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lawa maseli e-epithelial yamathumbu abalulekile ekulawuleni ukushintshaniswa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba ezahlukahlukene phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu ne-plasma. Ukuze kuvikelwe amaseli kulezi zimo ezinzima, i-betaine iyinto ebalulekile ephilayo engenela. Uma ubheka ukugcwala kwe-betaine ezicutshini ezahlukene, ungabona ukuthi izicubu zamathumbu zinamazinga aphezulu e-betaine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi la mazinga angathonywa ukugcwala kwe-betaine ekudleni. Amaseli alinganiswe kahle azoba namandla okwanda kangcono kanye nokuzinza okuhle. Ngamafuphi, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukwanda kwamazinga e-betaine ezingulubeni ezincane kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kanye nokujula kwe-ileal crypts, kanti i-villi yaba yinto efanayo kakhulu.
Kolunye ucwaningo, ukwanda kokuphakama kwe-villous ngaphandle kokuthinta ukujula kwe-crypt kungabonakala ku-duodenum, i-jejunum, kanye ne-ileum. Umphumela wokuvikela we-betaine esakhiweni samathumbu ungaba obaluleke kakhulu ezifweni ezithile (ze-osmotic), njengoba kubonwe ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezine-coccidia.
Isithiyo samathumbu sakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngamaseli e-epithelial anamathele komunye nomunye ngamaprotheni aqinile okuhlangana. Ubuqotho balesi sisithiyo bubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi namagciwane abangela ukuvuvukala. Ezingulubeni, imiphumela emibi esisithiyo samathumbu kucatshangwa ukuthi iwumphumela wokungcoliswa kokudla ngama-mycotoxins noma omunye wemiphumela emibi yokucindezeleka kokushisa.
Ukuze kulinganiswe umphumela kumphumela wokuvimbela, imigqa yamaseli ivame ukuhlolwa ngaphakathi kwe-vitro ngokulinganisa ukumelana kukagesi kwe-transepithelial (TEER). Ukuthuthuka ku-TEER kuye kwabonwa ezivivinyweni eziningi ze-in vitro ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-betaine. I-TEER iyancipha lapho amaseli evezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (42°C) (Isithombe 2). Ukwengezwa kwe-betaine endaweni yokukhula yala maseli ashisayo kulwisane nokwehla kwe-TEER, okubonisa ukubekezelelana kwe-thermotolerance okuthuthukisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ze-in vivo kuma-piglens zembule ukwanda kokubonakaliswa kwamaprotheni e-tight junction (i-occludin, i-claudin1 kanye ne-zonula occlusions-1) ezicutshini ze-jejunal zezilwane ezithola i-betaine ngomthamo we-1250 mg/kg uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase, uphawu lomonakalo we-mucosal yamathumbu, wehliswe kakhulu ku-plasma yalezi zingulube, okubonisa isithiyo esinamandla samathumbu. Lapho i-betaine ingezwa ekudleni kwezingulube eziqeda, ukwanda kwamandla okudonsa kwamathumbu kwalinganiswa ekuhlatshweni.
Muva nje, izifundo eziningana zixhumanise i-betaine nesistimu ye-antioxidant futhi zichaze ukwehla kwama-free radicals, ukwehla kwamazinga e-malondialdehyde (MDA), kanye nokwanda komsebenzi we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Ucwaningo lwakamuva kuma-piglens lubonise ukuthi umsebenzi we-GSH-Px ku-jejunum wanda, kanti i-betaine yokudla ayizange ibe nomthelela ku-MDA.
I-betaine ayigcini nje ngokusebenza njenge-osmoprotective ezilwaneni, kodwa amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene angaqoqa i-betaine ngokwenziwa kwe-de novo noma ukuthutha kusuka endaweni ezungezile. Kunobufakazi bokuthi i-betaine ingaba nomthelela omuhle ezitshalweni zamabhaktheriya zendlela yokugaya ukudla yamachwane akhumuliwe. Inani eliphelele lamabhaktheriya e-ileal landa, ikakhulukazi i-bifidobacteria kanye ne-lactobacilli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala inani eliphansi lama-Enterobacteriaceae esitulweni.
Umphumela wokugcina obonwe yi-betaine empilweni yamathumbu ezingulubeni ezilunyulwe ubisi kwaba ukwehla kwesibalo sohudo. Lo mphumela ungase uncike kumthamo: ukwengeza ukudla nge-betaine ngesilinganiso esingu-2500 mg/kg kwakusebenza kangcono ekunciphiseni izinga lohudo kune-betaine ngesilinganiso esingu-1250 mg/kg. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwezingulube ezilunyulwe ubisi kwakufana kuzo zombili amazinga okwengeza. Abanye abacwaningi babonise amazinga aphansi ohudo kanye nokugula ezingulubeni ezilunyulwe ubisi lapho kufakwa i-betaine engu-800 mg/kg.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-betaine hydrochloride inemiphumela engaba yi-acid njengomthombo we-betaine. Kwezokwelapha, izithasiselo ze-betaine hydrochloride zivame ukusetshenziswa kanye ne-pepsin ukusiza abantu abanezinkinga zesisu nokugaya ukudla. Kulesi simo, i-betaine hydrochloride isebenza njengomthombo ophephile we-hydrochloric acid. Nakuba kungekho lwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nalesi sici lapho i-betaine hydrochloride ifakwa ekudleni kwezingulube, kungaba yinto ebalulekile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe i-pH yesisu ingaba phezulu (pH > 4), ngaleyo ndlela iphazamise ukusebenza kwe-enzyme ewohloza amaprotheni e-pepsin ku-pepsinogen yayo eyandulelayo. Ukugaya amaprotheni okuhle kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuze izilwane zikwazi ukusizakala ngokugcwele ngalesi sakhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni angagaywanga kahle angaholela ekwandeni okungadingekile kwamagciwane angena ngengozi futhi enze inkinga yohudo ngemuva kokulunyulwa. I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elingaba ngu-1.8, okubangela ukuthi i-betaine hydrochloride ihlukane lapho igwinywa, okuholela ekuqinisweni kwe-asidi esiswini. Lokhu kuvuselelwa kwe-asidi okwesikhashana kuye kwabonwa ezifundweni zokuqala zabantu nasezifundweni zezinja. Izinja ezake zelashwa ngezinciphisi ze-asidi ngaphambilini zehle kakhulu ku-pH yesisu kusukela cishe ku-pH 7 kuya ku-pH 2 ngemva komthamo owodwa we-750 mg noma i-1500 mg ye-betaine hydrochloride. Kodwa-ke, ezinjeni ezilawulayo ezingayitholanga le mithi, i-pH yesisu yehle kakhulu. Cishe ezi-2, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-betaine HCl idliwe yini.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com